| Turkey borders the Black Sea and Georgia and Armenia to the northeast, Iran to the east, Iraq to the southeast, the Syrian Arab Republic and the Mediterranean to the south, the Aegean Sea to the west and Greece and Bulgaria to the northwest. Asia Minor (or Anatolia) accounts for 97% of the country’s area and forms a long, wide peninsula 1,650km (1,025 miles) from east to west and 650km (400 miles) from north to south. Two east-west mountain ranges, the Black Sea Mountains in the north and the Taurus in the south, enclose the central Anatolian plateau, but converge in a vast mountainous region in the far east of the country. It is here that the ancient Tigris and Euphrates rivers rise. |
| 779,452 sq km (300,948 sq miles). |
| Republic since 1923. Head of State: President Ahmet Necdet Sezer since 2000. Head of Government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan since 2002. Recent history: Turkey’s economy has recovered well from a crisis in 2001. With IMF support, the mildly Islamist Justice and Development Party (AKP) government have introduced structural reforms that have reduced inflation and encouraged economic growth. The government also brought in sweeping institutional and social reforms to allow the start of EU entry negotiations in October 2005. The pace of reform has slowed since, leading to criticism from Brussels over issues such as human rights, freedom of speech and Cyprus. Public opinion towards the EU has cooled in the face of what is seen as European meddling and double standards. The government is facing pressure from the fiercely secular military, who are suspicious of the AKP’s Islamic credentials. The Kurdish separatist PKK (Kurdish Workers’ Party) have called a truce following an increasingly bloody campaign of attacks in the east of the country. They were also linked to a recent series of bombs in tourist areas. |
| 73.3 million (UN estimate 2005). |
| 94.04 per sq km. |
| Turkish. Kurdish is also spoken by a minority in the southeast. French, German and English are widely spoken in cities and tourist areas. |
| Muslim with a small Christian minority. Turkey is a secular state which guarantees complete freedom of worship to non-Muslims. |
| GMT + 2 (GMT + 3 from last Sunday in March to last Sunday in October). |
| Ankara. Population: 3.5 million (2005 estimate). |
| 220 volts AC, 50Hz. |
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